WORSWICK, Judge.
Five-year-old David Ayers, by his guardian ad litem, and David's parents, Cheryl and Tom Ayers, appeal a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and an alternative order for a new trial in this products liability action. The jury awarded David $2,000,000 and his parents $500,000 against Johnson & Johnson Baby Products Co. for permanent injuries David suffered when he drank Johnson & Johnson baby oil and then aspirated (inhaled) it into his lungs. We reverse and reinstate the verdict.

On the afternoon of April 23, 1985, David, then 15 months old, was playing in his family's home in Tacoma with his twin brother, Luke. The babies were not unattended; their father was home, their mother was preparing to go to work, and two of their sisters were also in the house. About a week earlier, one of David's sisters had poured some Johnson & Johnson baby oil from its original container into a smaller container to take to school for use on her hands after gymnastics and, as he played, David found it in her purse on the floor of her bedroom. Mrs. Ayers saw David just as he lifted the container to his mouth and began to drink the oil. She yelled at him to stop, and David may have gasped in reaction. Mrs. Ayers was relieved to learn that the liquid was baby oil because she thought the only effect from drinking it would be diarrhea. She looked at the original bottle to verify her understanding. Finding no warning, she instructed the older children to call her if any problems developed, and she went to work.

*290 Later that evening, David began to have difficulty breathing. The family took him to Mary Bridge Hospital where an X-ray showed oil in his lungs. He was hospitalized in Tacoma and eventually sent to St. Louis to receive ECMO therapy, a special procedure that involves pumping the patient's blood outside his body and mechanically enriching it with oxygen. A side effect of this therapy caused cardiac arrest in David, and that led to brain damage. David cannot now move his arms or legs, cannot speak, suffers seizures, and is mentally retarded.

The trial court granted Johnson & Johnson's motion for judgment n.o.v., holding that the evidence of causation was insufficient to sustain the verdict. The court also held that foreseeability was a necessary element of the claim, and that the evidence of this was insufficient also. Pursuant to *291 CR 50(c), the court also ordered a new trial, in the alternative, holding that there had been jury misconduct because the jury failed to vote separately on the issues of liability and damages. We hold that the evidence of causation was sufficient, foreseeability was not an element of the claim, and there was no jury misconduct.

[1] [2] In reviewing the judgment n.o.v., we must assume the truth of all the Ayerses' evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom. Rasor v. Retail Credit Co., 87 Wash.2d 516, 533, 554 P.2d 1041 (1976). The evidence must be considered in a light most favorable to the Ayerses. No discretion was vested in the trial court. Its ruling was proper only if, as a matter of law, there was no competent evidence, or reasonable inferences, to sustain the verdict. Rasor, 87 Wash.2d at 533-34, 554 P.2d 1041. The verdict must, however, have been supported by substantial evidence. It cannot survive if founded on mere theory or speculation. Hojem v. Kelly, 93 Wash.2d 143, 145, 606 P.2d 275 (1980). This verdict passes these tests. #p#分页标题#e#

CAUSATION

[3] [4] The Ayerses' burden on causation was to prove that, had they been adequately warned of the risks, they would have treated the product differently and avoided the harm. A manufacturer is liable “if the claimant's harm was proximately caused by the manufacturer in that the product was not reasonably safe ... because adequate warnings ... were not provided.” RCW 7.72.030(1)(b). See also Gosewisch v. American Honda Motor Co., 153 Ariz. 400, 737 P.2d 376, 379 (1987); Laaperi v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., Inc., 787 F.2d 726, 730 (1st Cir.1986).

Family members testified that house rules required that anything known to be dangerous be kept high out of reach of the twin baby boys. Mrs. Ayers testified that she was a label reader and that had she known of the risks of aspiration, everyone else in the family would have known also. Laurie Ayers, who left the purse containing the baby oil on *292 the floor, testified that Mrs. Ayers told all the family members to keep items known to be dangerous away from the boys. Laurie said that, never having been told of any risks associated with baby oil, she thought it was “no big deal” when she left her purse on the floor because there was nothing in it that could be harmful. FN2

Mr. Ayers also testified that products known to be dangerous were kept up on a top shelf out of reach. He testified further that had the product carried a warning of the risks, they would not have had it in the house.

An appropriate inference from all this is that because the product was without a warning, the family members did not know it was dangerous and so did not treat it as such. The family members' testimony shows that they did not know of the particular**531 harm that could result from aspirating mineral oil. Their testimony raises the evidence above the “mere theory or speculation” cautioned against in Hojem v. Kelly, supra. Cf. Baughn v. Honda Motor Co., 107 Wash.2d 127, 144, 727 P.2d 655 (1986) (when the harm that could have been warned against (danger of driving off-road trail bike on public roads) was already known to plaintiff and had in fact been warned against by him, to say he would not have bought bike had warnings been stronger is merely speculative).
*293 Augmenting the family's testimony, several experts testified that mineral oil (baby oil is 99 percent mineral oil) poses special risks if aspirated. Dr. James Cunningham, a specialist in treating children's lung diseases, testified that mineral oil, a bland substance, “doesn't elicit as good a gag reflex or cough reflex from the upper airway as do many other substances.” Dr. Robert Scherz, medical director of Mary Bridge Hospital, testified that, because of its lower viscosity, the lighter mineral oil from which baby oil is made spreads more rapidly and likely goes deeper into the lungs if aspirated than does thicker mineral oil.FN3

Opposing this sort of testimony, Drs. Richard Lemen and Barry Rumack testified for Johnson & Johnson that, in their opinions, mineral oil does not suppress the cough reflex or pose greater danger if aspirated than does any other liquid. Under the standard of review for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, however, we assume the truth of plaintiff's evidence. #p#分页标题#e#

Dr. Scherz testified that in his expert medical opinion baby oil should bear warnings about diarrhea and aspiration. Dr. Marvin Scotvold, chief of dermatology at Children's Orthopedic Hospital in Seattle, strongly expressed the opinion that a baby oil container should carry a warning of the risks of aspiration.

[5] Also, the Ayerses were not required to prove the exact wording of an adequate warning. The statute speaks only generally of “warnings ... which the claimant alleges would have been adequate.” RCW 7.72.030(1)(b). Nothing in the statute requires a plaintiff to prove explicit wording. Failure to warn liability and defective design liability are both created by RCW 7.72.030(1) and stand on the same footing. See Falk v. Keene Corp., 113 Wash.2d 645, 652, 782 P.2d 974 (1989). Because plaintiffs in defective design cases *294 are not required to show the existence of alternative safe designs ( Couch v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 107 Wash.2d 232, 239, 728 P.2d 585 (1986)), it follows that the plaintiffs in a failure to warn case, involving identical liability principles, are not required to prove that a specific warning was required.

The family's and the experts' testimony provided sufficient evidence to create a jury issue on causation. It follows that the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict; the standards are the same. Rasor, 87 Wash.2d at 533-34, 554 P.2d 1041; Hollingsworth v. Washington Mut. Sav. Bank, 37 Wash.App. 386, 389, 681 P.2d 845 (1984).

FORESEEABILITY

[6] [7] Because RCW 7.72.030(1) uses the term “negligent,” the trial court apparently concluded that foreseeability of the harm to David Ayers was an element of the claim. The court went on to hold that the evidence of foreseeability was also insufficient. The court erred; foreseeability is not an element of a strict liability claim. Kimble v. Waste Systems Internat'l, Inc., 23 Wash.App. 331, 336, 595 P.2d 569 (1979). Confusion caused by legislative tinkering should have been erased by now; liability under RCW 7.72.030(1)(a) and (b) rests on traditional strict liability principles in which the concept of negligence plays no part. Falk v. Keene Corp., supra. Foreseeability is not an element of strict liability claims because the focus is not on the **532 manufacturer's conduct, but on the expectations of the consumer. Brown v. Yamaha Motor Corp., 38 Wash.App. 914, 691 P.2d 577 (1984). Thus, a jury is permitted to find liability based on strict liability but not negligence, and vice versa. Davis v. Globe Mach. Mfg. Co., Inc., 102 Wash.2d 68, 684 P.2d 692 (1984); Brown v. Yamaha Motor Corp., supra. FN4 Theories of *295 strict liability and negligence can, and frequently do, coexist; when they do, it is wrong to confuse them. See e.g. Lockwood v. A. C. & S., Inc., 109 Wash.2d 235, 251, 254, 744 P.2d 605 (1987).

Lenhardt v. Ford Motor Co., 102 Wash.2d 208, 683 P.2d 1097 (1984), seems exemplary of the confusion following enactment of the Products Liability Act. This confusion may have been engendered, in part, by RCW 7.72.050, which allows a limited focus on the manufacturer's conduct in limited circumstances involving adherence to industry and similar standards. #p#分页标题#e#

[8] Although further discussion of the foreseeability issue is not necessary, we believe that a step-by-step application of the liability principles under RCW 7.72.030(1)(b) to the facts of this case will help in reducing even further the confusion that has arisen since enactment of the Product Liability Act. First, the focus is on the product, and the question is whether the product is “not reasonably safe.” The answer is found by balancing the likelihood that the product would cause the harm complained of (and the seriousness of that harm must be taken into account here) against the burden on the manufacturer in providing an adequate warning. In this case, that balancing involves the following factors: the product is called baby oil; it is for use on babies; it is described as “pure and gentle”; and it bears a label suggestion that it be used on baby's scalp, which, of course is near both the mouth and nose. Although it may be unlikely that the product will cause harm of the gravity experienced here, nevertheless the seriousness of the risk is extremely great considering what mineral oil can do when aspirated. Notwithstanding Johnson & Johnson's protestations, plainly the jury was justified in finding that baby oil is a dangerous product that should have been accompanied by adequate warnings.FN5

*296 One of the most serious of mineral oil's properties is its capacity to destroy the process by which the lungs rid themselves of foreign particles. Cells called macrophages surround a foreign substance in the lung whether it is milk, water, oil, or some solid substance, and carry it away from the lungs. The Ayerses produced testimony based on the literature concerning oils in the lungs that showed these macrophages cannot rid the lungs of oil. While the macrophages initially surround the oil, they cannot absorb it. The macrophages give up and release the oil back into the lungs. Given this potential for serious harm, the burden on Johnson & Johnson, essentially the cost of printing and affixing a warning label, seems light indeed.

[9] [10] The analysis does not stop here, however; we next must consider whether the product was unsafe beyond the expectations of the ordinary consumer.FN6 Although a host of factors is considered in a design defect case ( see Lenhardt v. Ford Motor Co., supra ), we believe that only two factors need be considered in a failure to warn case: (1) nature of the product, and (2) deficiency of the warning. Here, the product was composed of an oil that has the potential for great harm if it gets **533 into the lungs, but is nevertheless promoted for use on and around babies. The warning was not merely deficient, it was nonexistent.


FN6. The supreme court noted in Falk v. Keene Corp., supra, that by retaining this test, the legislature retained the “buyer oriented” products liability approach that existed before the 1981 Act. Falk, 113 Wash.2d at 653, 782 P.2d 974.


The product carried no warning at all as to risks of either ingestion or aspiration. The jury was entitled to find that this product was unsafe beyond the reasonable expectations of the consumer, and that all elements of a strict liability claim had been established. #p#分页标题#e#

Reversed and remanded with instructions to reinstate the verdict.